Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Assessment. --- Body weight. --- Body-weight. --- Cow. --- Cubicle. --- Design. --- Dimension. --- Dimensions. --- Housing. --- Space. --- Spatial. --- Weight.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

One hundred sixty beef cows (631 78 kg) were used to evaluate. the quantity of hay loss and feeding behaviors from different round bale feeders. Twenty cows were allotted by weight and body condition score to one of eight pens with four feeder designs: cone, ring, trailer, or cradle. All feeder types provided approximately 37 cm of linear feeder space per animal. Alfalfa and orchardgrass round bales were weighed and sampled before feeding. Hay that fell onto the concrete surrounding the feeder was considered waste and was collected and sampled daily. At the end of a 7-d period, each feeder type was assigned to a different pen for a second 7-d period:. On four consecutive days in each period, animal behavior,,was recorded using a time-lapse video system. Data were collected from 5-min observational intervals from the video tapes every 0.5 h each day. Feeder access, occupancy rate, and occurrence of agonistic interactions were recorded. Dry matter hay waste was 3.5, 6.1, 11.4, and 14.6% for the cone, ring, trailer, and cradle feeders, respectively. Calculated dry matter intake of hay ranged from 1.8 to 2.0% of body weight and was not different among feeder type (P < 0.05). Percentage of organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and crude protein were all lower and acid detergent lignin was higher in the recovered waste compared to the hay fed (P < 0.05). Cows feeding from the cradle feeder had nearly three times the agonistic interactions and four times the frequency of entrances compared to cows feeding from the other feeder types (P < 0.05). Feed losses were positively correlated with agonistic interactions, frequency of regular and irregular entrances, and feeder occupancy rate (P < 0.05). Agonistic interactions by cows and frequency of feeder entrances differed among feeders and were correlated to feeder design induced feed losses

Access. --- Aggressive behavior,beef cows,behavior,feeding,utilization. --- Agonistic. --- Alfalfa. --- Animal. --- Behavior. --- Body weight. --- Body-weight. --- Cow. --- Cows. --- Design. --- Feeding. --- Fiber. --- Frequency. --- Hay. --- Interaction. --- Interactions. --- Orchardgrass. --- Pen. --- Protein. --- Space. --- System. --- Time. --- Video. --- Weight.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The characteristics of 227 biting dogs, their homes, and their victims were gathered in a detailed telephone survey of general veterinary clientele in the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. All of the dogs had bitten either someone living in the same household, or someone who was a frequent visitor and was well known to the dog. There were 117 male and 110 female dogs included in this case series. Significantly more female dogs were neutered (P=0.03), 58% of the dogs were purebred, and the most commonly reported breed was the Labrador Retriever (n=15). The mean number of people living in each home was 3.13 (S.D.±0.08). Aggression which would traditionally be defined as dominant or possessive had been demonstrated by 75.6% of the dogs in at least one of 17 specific situations outlined in the questionnaire. Dogs with a history of this type of aggression were significantly older (P=0.02) and of lower body weight (P<0.001) when compared to the remainder of the dogs, and were more likely to be fearful of a variety of stimuli. The effect of fear in these dogs may be important in understanding the motivation for and treatment of aggression problems. For what the owner considered to be the worst bite incident, 42.4% could be attributed to behaviour which appeared to be characteristic of dominant or possessive aggression. If the reason for the worst bite incident was related to the commonly accepted criteria for dominance aggression, then the dogs were more often male and purebred. Owners of these dogs were also more likely to rank the bite as a more serious event (P=0.001). Adults were the most common victims of dog bites, and most injuries were to the hands and arms (56.2%). A minority of injuries (9.3%) received medical attention, supporting previous evidence that dog bites are greatly underreported. A bite requiring medical attention was scored as a more important incident by the owner and was more likely to have caused the ow

Adult. --- Aggression. --- Attention. --- Behaviour. --- Bite. --- Bites. --- Body weight. --- Body-weight. --- Breed. --- Dog bite. --- Dog bites. --- Dog. --- Dogs. --- Dominance aggression. --- Dominance. --- Fear. --- Female. --- Gender. --- History. --- Injuries. --- Injury. --- Labrador retriever. --- Male. --- Motivation. --- People. --- Questionnaire. --- Rank. --- Situations. --- Stimuli. --- Survey. --- Treatment. --- Veterinary. --- Weight.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This study focused on the effects of different enriched environments for mice in a number of behavioral and physiological parameters in two routine laboratory testing procedures -- potency testing for tetanus vaccine and stress induced hyperthermia. The variability in the results was studied by calculating and analyzing mean absolute deviations. Mice from enriched conditions weighed more and consumed more food than mice from standard housing conditions. However, mice from enriched conditions lost more body weight after being housed individually. Other physiological parameters showed no differences. Mice from standard conditions were more active in an open field, suggesting a tendency to over-respond to various stimuli in a testing environment. Mice from enriched environments were more tranquil and easier to handle. The enrichment did not influence the variability in any of the parameters measured, although earlier results and results of other authors suggest that the effects on the variability in results are parameter dependent. When enrichment does not influence variability, there is no reason for not introducing cage enrichment and by doing so contributing to the animals' welfare.

Animal. --- Animals. --- Body weight. --- Body-weight. --- Cage. --- Enriched environment. --- Enriched. --- Enrichment. --- Environment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Environments. --- Field. --- Food. --- Housing conditions. --- Housing. --- Hyperthermia. --- Laboratory. --- Mice. --- Open field. --- Open-field. --- Parameters. --- Physiological. --- Potency. --- Stimuli. --- Stress. --- Variability. --- Variation. --- Weight. --- Welfare.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The influence of environmentally stimulated aggressive behaviour on body weight development and body composition was studied in 90 male HLG/Zte inbred mice between day 61 and 125 of life. Male mice were kept in groups of three in Macrolon cages type III (800 cm(2)) as controls (C-groups) or in two different enriched cages (6500 cm(2)) structured either by a closed passage-way of 7.8 m (P-groups) or by 13 parallel-arranged open corridors (O-group) between fodder rack and water bottle.The number of inflicted bites as an indicator of aggressive behaviour was about 45 times higher in the P-groups than in the C- and O-groups. In P-groups the bites were predominantly found on tails (60%), while in the other two groups 90% occurred on the back.A negative correlation was found between the number of body wounds and the body weight in I-groups. Their body weight development was already significantly delayed after two weeks of differential caging compared with controls. Similarly weighing C- and O-groups showed significant differences in the body composition, i.e. standard laboratory caged C-groups were fatter. The body fat content of I-groups amounted to only about half that of the controls, which was exclusively responsible for their lower body weight.We assume that only in the I-cages the environment induced the establishment of a strong territorial dominance maintained by a single male, because it was easily possible to occupy the only existing way between fodder rack and water bottle. By contrast, a single male in the O-groups was not able to control the numerous ways to the fodder rack. The Macrolon cages were possibly too small and unstructured to establish territorial behaviour

Adipose-tissue. --- Aggressive. --- Behaviour. --- Bite. --- Bites. --- Body composition. --- Body weight. --- Body-weight. --- Cage. --- Caging. --- Control. --- Development. --- Dominance. --- Enriched. --- Enrichment. --- Environment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Exercise. --- Fat. --- Group. --- Kept. --- Laboratory mice. --- Laboratory. --- Life. --- Male mice,hlg inbred strain,environmental enrichment,aggressive behaviour,body weight gain,body fat,body composition. --- Male-mice. --- Male. --- Mice. --- Time. --- Weight development. --- Weight.